Private Law
nahid safari
Abstract
One of the most important aspects of consumer protection that has received little attention is the facilitation of consumer litigation. Costs of Litigation are one of the major barriers to consumer litigation. In Iranian law, the lack of special assistance for consumers and the limitations of the general ...
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One of the most important aspects of consumer protection that has received little attention is the facilitation of consumer litigation. Costs of Litigation are one of the major barriers to consumer litigation. In Iranian law, the lack of special assistance for consumers and the limitations of the general rules of insolvency and the limited financial resources of consumer protection organizations, in practice have created obstacles for consumers to sue. In different legal systems, different mechanisms are considered in order to remove this obstacle. legal expenses insurances can be considered as one of the tools that are effective in removing this obstacle and facilitating consumer litigation by covering cost of litigation and have been considered in most legal systems. The present study in a descriptive-analytical method and through collecting data with library method, while studying these insurances in some pioneering legal systems in this field, have studied these insurances in order to facilitate consumer lawsuits. The experience of the studied legal systems confirms that these insurances, along with other assistance tools, are a good solution to facilitate consumer litigation. In the Iranian legal system, despite the predicting of these insurances in the bylaws of mandatory advocacy, with the issuance of Unanimous decision of the Supreme Court, there are currently no special provisions in this regard. However, considering the acceptance of the insurance contract and the principle of freedom of contracts, these insurances are also defensible in Iranian law and while having a deterrent effect on the inflicting of loss to consumer, can have some deterrent effect on litigation costs. Therefore, it is necessary to revive the provisions of the recent regulations and legal protections for these insurances in order to use its positive functions.
Mohammad Molodi; nahid safari
Abstract
The main subject of this paper is the analysis of nature of exceptions of article 84 of Code of Civil Procedure, based on the classification of defenses to substantive defense or formal defense. Although exceptions of article 84 of Code of Civil Procedure are accepted as formal defenses in general, but ...
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The main subject of this paper is the analysis of nature of exceptions of article 84 of Code of Civil Procedure, based on the classification of defenses to substantive defense or formal defense. Although exceptions of article 84 of Code of Civil Procedure are accepted as formal defenses in general, but more contemplation can show that all of these exceptions don’t have the same nature. Most of the exceptions are formal rules, but they sometimes need to substantive rules and objective matters and this will not influence their nature. Some of the exceptions are substantive rules, but they are propounded in the formal law to use in the formal law.In fact this usage are introduction for performance of the formal rules. Some of them are substantive rules and as a result, defense against them is substantive defense. But article 84 of Code of Civil Procedure has the same manner with these exceptions.
